CONCLUSION
Lung cancer is the most common cancer in the United States and globally. Smoking (cigarettes, cigars, e-cigarettes, or vaping) is the most common cause, with 80%–90% of all patients with lung cancer being current or previous smokers. The highest incidence of lung cancer in the United States is among men, with African American and White men presenting equally as the largest group.
Lung cancer is diagnosed by a thorough physical assessment and history-taking, accompanied by diagnostic tests, including a chest X-ray, CT scan of the chest, and ultimately a biopsy of lung tissue or fluid. There are two categories of lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for 20% of all lung cancers, is usually found nonresectable upon diagnosis, and generally has a terminal prognosis. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for the remaining 80% of lung cancers and, although fast growing, is largely resectable if there is not advanced staging.
The various types of lung surgery are a pneumonectomy, lobectomy, or partial or wedge resection. The decision that determines which surgical procedure to perform is based on tumor size, location, and patient performance status. Newer surgeries, including video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (RATS), are minimally invasive and thus less painful, have shorter anesthesia times, and result in shorter hospital lengths of stay.
Other treatment modalities include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy. There are many newer lung cancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy options that are proving effective with good outcomes, lower levels of recurrence, and fewer side effects. Newer forms of radiation therapy are also available that can target the tumor(s) more directly, leading to less destruction of the surrounding tissue. A complete lung cancer treatment plan will include one or all of these three main categories of treatments.
Other aspects of patient care include cancer rehabilitation, pulmonary rehabilitation, lifestyle interventions, including smoking cessation, promotion of complementary/alternative treatment methods, prevention measures, quality of life considerations, patient/family education, and palliative care. Ongoing clinical trials are being conducted to provide new evidence-based strategies to optimize and enhance current treatment of lung cancer in order to improve disease control, quality of life, symptom management, and ultimately, to make a difference in clinical outcomes and survival.
RESOURCES
Cancer and complementary health approaches (National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health)
Early detection, diagnosis, and staging
GO2 Foundation for Lung Cancer
Lung cancer (American Cancer Society)
Lung cancer (American Lung Association)
Lung cancer (National Cancer Institute)
Lung cancer information for health care providers (CDC)
Lung cancer survivors support group
Lung Helpline and Tobacco Quitline (American Lung Association)
1-800-LUNGUSA (501-1068)
Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine (OCCAM)
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